Theodore
W. Tibbitts, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
53706-1590 U.S.A.
John C. Sager, NASA, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Mail Code
JJ-G, KSC, FL,
32899-0001 U.S.A.
Donald
T. Krizek, Climate Stress Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
ARS,
Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 U.S.A.
Biotronics 29, 9-16, 2000 (Reprinted by permission
of Biotronics)
Instrumentation (What sensors to use)
Measurement (Where & what to measure)
Reporting (What to report)
These measurement and reporting guidelines are a revision of guidelines developed by the USDA North Central Regional (NCR-101) Committee on Controlled Environment Technology and Use. The original impetus for the development of guidelines came from the American Society for Horticultural Science Growth Chamber Working Group in the 1970s (2,3,4,6). The guidelines were openly discussed and published in the proceedings of an international conference held at Madison WI in 1979 (9). Over the years, updates and other recommendations as quality assurance guidelines (7), have been published in Biotronics and in a number of other plant science journals. The guidelines in recent years have been adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Environment of Plant Structures Committee and published as ASAE Engineering Practice 411.3 (1). This most recent ASAE update has been included in Units, Symbols and Terminology for Plant Physiology by the Oxford University Press (8) and in the Growth Chamber Handbook published by the Iowa State University Press (5). These guidelines are developed for routine studies. Any unusual or special modifications to the growing system should also be noted.
Radiation. Sensors should be cosine corrected and constructed of materials of known stability and response and have low temperature sensitivity. These characteristics should be specified and available for each sensor. The sensitivity and linearity over the spectral range should be specified. For routine studies, spectral measurements should be made using a bandwidth of 2 nm or less over the range of 300-800 nm. For specialized ultraviolet or infrared studies, the wavelength range should be extended. Radiation instruments most commonly have flat-surface sensors with cosine correction to provide hemispherical measurements. By definition, fluence measurements can be taken only with spherical sensors and should not be derived from measurements taken with flat-surface sensors.
Temperature. Sensors should be shielded with reflective material and aspirated (≥ 3 m s-1) for air temperature measurements. Sensors should be moisture insulated for soil measurements.
Atmospheric moisture. Measurement should be made by infrared analyzer, dewpoint sensor, capacitive humidity sensor, or a psychrometer (shielded and aspirated at ≥ 3 m s-1).
Air velocity. Measurements should be made by thermal transfer (hot wire) or wave propagation (ultrasonic) sensors within a range of 0 to 5.0 m s-1.
Carbon dioxide. Measurement should be made by an infrared analyzer with a range of 0 to 1000 m mol mol-1 or greater range provided they have the required sensitivity.
Hydrogen ion concentration. Sensor should have a range of 3.0 to 10.0 pH units.
Electrical conductivity. Sensor should have a range of 1 to 100 mS m-1 (10-1000 µmhos cm -1).
Dissolved oxygen. Required to maintain an optimum root environment in liquid culture studies. Sensors should have a range of 0-20 mg L-1 with automatic temperature compensation. It is important to maintain the proper solution flow rate around the sensing element.
Expected instrument precision and accuracy of reading. Table 1 gives the expected instrument precision and accuracy of reading for each parameter.
Table 1. Expected Instrument Precision and Accuracy of Reading
Parameter |
Precision |
Accuracy |
|
|
Radiation |
Flux Spectral flux |
± 1 % ± 1 % |
± 10 % ± 5 % |
|
Temperature |
Air Soil or liquid |
± 0.1 ° C ± 0.1 ° C |
± 0.2 ° C ± 0.2 ° C |
|
Atmospheric moisture |
Relative humidity Dew-point temperature Water vapor density |
± 2 % ± 0.1 ° C ± 0.1 g m-3 |
± 5 % ± 0.5 ° C ± 0.1 g m-3 |
| Air velocity | ± 2 % |
± 5 % |
|
| Carbon dioxide | ± 1 % |
± 3 % |
|
|
pH |
H+ concentration |
± 0.1 pH |
± 0.1 pH |
| Electrical conductivity | Salt concentration | ± 5 % |
± 5 % |
| Dissolved oxygen | ± 0.1 mg L-1 |
± 0.2 mg L-1 |
|
Instrument calibration. Researchers should have access to both within-lab calibrators for frequent checking and reference calibrators for annual or biannual calibration of their regularly utilized instruments. It is anticipated that the within-lab calibrators would be available at the facility for checking at the start of each research study, whereas the reference calibrators could be at the facility or be accessed by shipping the regularly utilized instruments to be calibrated at a central service location. Table 2 provides guidelines for type and accuracy of calibration instruments.
Table 2. Type and accuracy of instruments for calibration of environmental sensors.
|
Parameter |
Within-Lab Calibration |
Reference Calibration |
||
|
Type |
Accuracy |
Type |
Accuracy |
|
|
Radiation Flux |
Duplicate photon sensor and metery |
< ± 5% of full scale |
Lamp traceable to a national bureau of |
< ± 5% of full scale |
|
Radiation Spectral |
None |
N/A |
Lamp traceable to a national bureau of standardsz |
< ± 5% of full scale |
|
Temperature |
Duplicate sensor and metery |
< ± 0.2oC |
Precision Hg thermometer in water bath |
< ± 0.05oC |
|
Atmospheric moisture |
Psychrometer, dew point instrument, or infrared analyzer |
< ± 5% RH |
Constant humidity chamber |
< ± 2% RH |
|
Carbon dioxide |
Cylinders of span concentration of CO2 in N2 |
< ± 2% of full scale |
Cylinders of span and 50% of span concentrations calibrated against a standard from a bureau of standards |
< ± 1% of full scale |
|
Air velocity |
Omni-directional hot wire anemometer |
< ± 5% of full scale |
Calibrated wind tunnel |
< ± 2% of full scale |
|
Dissolved oxygen |
Distilled water at 25oC rapidly bubbled with high purity O2 |
< ± 0.2
mg L-1 |
Potentiometric titration |
<± 0.05
mg L-1 |
ySensor and meter similar to the regular measurement instruments.
zIn the United States by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Photon (µmol m-2 s-1) and energy flux. (W m-2). Measurements should be taken at the top of the plant canopy to obtain average, maximum, and minimum readings, at the start and end of each study and biweekly if studies extend beyond 14 days. Continuous monitoring of the lighting system is recommended.
Spectral photon (µmol m-2 s-1 nm-1) or energy flux (W m-2 nm-1). A measurement should be taken at the top of the plant canopy in the center of the growing area, at least at the start and end of each study.
Air temperature (°C). Measurements should be made at the top of the plant canopy at least once daily, 1 h or more after each light and dark period begins, to obtain average, maximum, and minimum data. Continuous measurements are recommended.
Soil and liquid temperatures (°C). Measurements should be made at the center of the container grouping in the growing area, obtaining average, maximum, and minimum readings at the middle of the light and dark periods at the start of the experiment. Continuous measurements are recommended.
Atmospheric moisture (% RH), Dewpoint temperature (oC), Water vapor deficit (kPa), Water vapor density (g m-3), Humidity ratio (kg kg dry air-1). Measurements should be made at the top of the plant canopy in the center of the growing area daily, 1 h or more after each light and dark period transition. Continuous measurements are recommended.
Air velocity (m s-1). Measurements should be taken at the top of the plant canopy at the start of the study. Obtain average, maximum, and minimum readings over the plants. If instantaneous devices are uilized, ten consecutive readings should be taken at each location and averaged.
Carbon dioxide (µmol mol-1), (Pa), or (mol m-3). Measurements should be taken at the top of the plant canopy continuously during the period of the study. A time-sharing technique that provides a periodic measurement (at least hourly) in each chamber can be utilized.
Watering (L). The quantity of water added to each container or average per plant at each watering should be measured. Soil moisture should be measured to provide the range of water potential between waterings.
Nutrition (mol m-3), (mol kg-1), or (mol L-1) Quantity of nutrients added to a volume of medium or concentration of nutrients added in liquid culture should be reported at each addition.
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH units). The pH of the liquid solutions in a nutrient culture system should be monitored at least once daily and before and after each pH adjustment. The pH of the solution extracted from solid media should be measured at the start and end of studies and before and after each pH adjustment.
Electrical conductivity (mS m-1). Conductivity of the liquid solutions in a nutrient culture system should be monitored daily during the course of each study. Conductivity of the solution extracted from solid media should be measured at the start and end of each study.
Dissolved oxygen. (mg L-1 or ppm) The dissolved oxygen concentration should be monitored at least daily with continuous measurement recommended. Liquid samples should be measured immediately after the samples are taken.
Photon or energy flux. Report the average and range at the top of the containers or plant canopy for the period of the study. The source of radiation and the measuring instrument/sensor should be reported. Illuminance (measurement of irradiance for human vision) should not be reported except for historical comparison in conjunction with other radiation measurements.
Spectral photon or energy flux. Report the spectral distribution (graphical) and the integral (photon or energy flux) at the start of the study. The source of radiation and the measuring instruments should be reported.
Air temperature. Report the daily average and range at the top of the containers or plant canopy for the period of the study for both light and dark periods.
Soil and liquid temperatures. Report the average readings at the start of the study for both light and dark periods.
Atmospheric moisture. Report the average moisture level for the period of the study for both light and dark periods.
Air velocity. Report the average and range over the containers or the plant canopy at the start of the study. Indicate whether air flow is up, down, or horizontal.
Carbon dioxide. Report the average concentration and range for both light and dark periods of the study.
Watering. Report the frequency of watering, source, and amount of water added daily to each container, and/or the range in soil moisture content between waterings. Specify when waterings are made to excess.
Substrate. Report the type of soil and amendments, or components of soilless substrate, and container dimensions.
Nutrition. Report the nutrients added to solid media. Report the concentration of nutrients in liquid culture solutions and in liquid additions along with the frequency of additions to liquid cultures.
Hydrogen ion concentration. Report the average and range in pH of the nutrient solution (or growing medium) for the period of the study.
Electrical conductivity. Report the average and range in conductivity of the nutrient solution (or growing medium) for the period of the study.
Dissolved oxygen. Report the average and range of dissolved oxygen concentrations for the period of the study.
Table 3. Summary of Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting Environmental Parameters for Plant Experiments in Growth Chambers
|
Parameter |
Unitsa |
Measurements |
||
Where to take |
When to take |
What to report |
||
Radiation
|
µmol m-2 s-1 |
At top
of plant canopy. Obtain maximum and minimum over plant growing area |
Minimum
measurement: at start and finish of each study and bi-weekly if stud-ies
extend beyond 14 days |
Average
(± range) over containers.
Source of radiation and instrument/sensor |
Radiation
|
µmol m-2 s-1 W m-2 |
At top of plant canopy. Ob-tain maximum and minimum over plant growing
area |
Minimum measurements: at start and finish of each study and bi-weekly
if studies extend beyond 14 days |
Average
(± range) over containers.
Source of radiation and instrument/sensor |
Radiation
|
|
At top of plant canopy in center
of growing area |
Minimum
measurement: at start and end of each study |
Spectral
distribution of radiation at start of study. Source of radiation and
instrument/sensor. |
Temperature
|
°C |
At
top of plant canopy. Obtain maximum and minimum over plant growing
area. |
Minimum
measurement: measure once daily during each light and dark period at
least 1 h after light change. Desirable: continuous measurement. |
Average
of once daily readings (or hourly average values) for the light
and dark periods of the study with ± range of variation over
the growing area. |
Temperature
|
°C |
In
center of container. Obtain maximum and minimum over plant growing
area. |
Minimum:
measure at the middle of the light and dark periods at the start of
the study. Desirable: continuous measurement. |
Light
and dark period readings at the start of the study |
Atmospheric moisture
|
% RH |
At top of plant canopy
in center of grow-ing area. |
Minimum:
once during each light and dark period at least 1 h after light changes.
Desirable: continuous measurement. |
Average
of daily read-ings for both light and dark periods |
| Air velocity | m
s-1 |
At
top of plant canopy. Obtain maximum and minimum readings over growing
area. |
At
start of studies. Take 10 successive readings at each location
and average. |
Average
reading and range over containers at start of the study. |
Carbon dioxide
|
|
At
top of plant canopy |
Minimum:
hourly measurements. Desirable: continuous measurement. |
Average
and range of concentrations |
| Watering | liter
(L) |
At
times of water additions |
Frequency
of watering, source and amount of water added and/or range in
soil moisture content between waterings. |
|
| Substrate | At
beginning of studies. |
Type
of soil and amendments. Components of soilless substrate. Container
dimensions. |
||
Nutrition
|
mol L-1 |
At
times of nutrient additions |
Nutrients
added to soil media. Concentration of nutrients in liquid additions
and solution culture. Amount and frequency of solution addition
and renewal. |
|
| pH | pH
units |
Extract
from media or in solution of liquid culture |
Start
and end of studies in solid media. Daily in liquid culture. Before
each pH adjustment. |
Average
and range during studies |
| Electrical conductivity | mS
m-1 (milliSiemens per meter)d |
Extract
from media or in solution of liquid |
Start
and end of studies in solid media. Daily in liquid culture. |
Average
and range during studies |
| Dissolved oxygen | mg
L-1 |
In
center of liquid containers |
Daily.
Desirable: continuous measurements in container with largest plant(s). |
Average
of daily or hourly readings with ± range of variation over the growing
period. |
a Report in other subdivisions of indicated units if more convenient.
b The energy flux (irradiance) is also commonly reported in J m-2 s-1 (equals W m-2).
c Referred to as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for general usage and described as
photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) by many journals, professional societies and manufacturers of quantum sensors.d mS m-1 = 10 µmho cm-1.
